Rogers, Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Middle Ages (2007), 121-4.
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There is a decent discussion of the use of catapults in sieges in C. Fulton, Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology (2018) alas, neither book is particularly affordable, so see if you can’t get your library to swing you a copy (Marsden, in particular, is difficult to find note that it comes in two volumes – you want Historical Developments, rather than Technical Treatises). Marsden, Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Developments (1969), while the most recent monograph discussion of medieval European catapults that I know of is M. Since we’re also discussing catapults, I should note that the standard work on Greek and Roman catapults remains E.W. There’s a lot more on this, but that’s a good place to start. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659 (1972 2nd ed. Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500-1800(1988 2nd ed. Andrade, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation and the Rise of the West in World History(2016), G. This post owes its data to several key works, namely, T. Consequently, there is a lot of bibliography on them. And if you want updates whenever a new post appears, you can click below for email updates or follow me on twitter for updates as to new posts as well as my occasional ancient history, foreign policy or military history musings.īibliography Note! As we’ve discussed in the past, trace italienne fortresses (the sort we’re going to talk about here) sit at the center of the debate over the ‘military revolution’ – the source of the sudden increase in military capacity tied to gunpowder in Europe from about 1450 to about 1750. If you want to have a decisive but not entirely uniform impact on bringing history to the public, you can support my efforts on Patreon. Gunpowder decisively changes that and as a result transforms fortifications, though as we’ll see, it doesn’t do so uniformly either in design or geographically. That was a sensible set of priorities because, as we’ll see, until the development of mature gunpowder artillery in the mid-15th century, artillery (by which we mean catapults), while they existed and could be very useful in a siege, were not generally up to the task of actually breaching a castle’s curtain wall. Indeed, on the ‘list of threats’ medieval and ancient fortifications were clearly more concerned about escalade, treachery and starvation breaching was clearly a secondary concern, with some design implications we’ll talk about here shortly. So far the fortifications we have been looking at have mostly been designed to resist escalade – enemies coming over the walls, by whatever means. This week, we’re going to look at the impact artillery has on these systems. Last week, we set out an overview of fortifications in medieval Europe, with particular focus on the strategic role of castles and point defenses.
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Shattered union instruction manual series#
This is the fourth part of a five part ( I, II, III) series covering some of the basics of fortification, from city walls to field fortifications, from the ancient world to the modern period.